2 results listed
Transportation has been one of the most important activities of the human-being since the first eras of the
history to the present. The transportation and transmission activities starting with the invention of the wheel have
minimized the concepts of time and distance with the use of planes and fast-speed trains at present. The transportation
sector is important for economic growth because it enables to put economic resources into good use, build connections
with other countries, regulate the flow of goods and ensure the continuity of this process as well as enabling to establish
new settlement areas and develop the existing ones and create employment opportunities due to the relationships with
other sectors (insurance, warehouse, clearance, packaging etc.). In the present study, the historical development of
highway transportation and the policies implemented in this sector in Turkey are investigated in stages. Besides, the
relationship between the highway transportation and other transportation systems in Turkey is handled. As a result, it
has been concluded that it is necessary to revise the highway transportation-centred policy that was launched in Turkey
around 1950 and is still implemented; take alternative transportation networks to the forefront and ensure an absolute
integration among these transportation types.
International Rating Academy Congress : Applied Sciences
IRAC
Fatih AYDIN
Muhammed Oral
Global energy demand is continuously on the rise although it is observed at different levels in developed and
developing countries. According to BP 2018 data, the primary energy consumption of the world has been 13.5 billion
TEP showing an increase of 2.2% compared to the previous year. Despite this, the geographical distribution of the fossil
fuels having a share of 87% in the world energy consumption is not symmetrical. For this reason, the increasing energy
demand has brought along international problems in the areas where fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas are used
(coal has a more regular geographical distribution compared to oil and natural gas). Although the share of renewable
energies in the world energy consumption has increased year by year, fossil fuels will be predominant in the total
energy consumption for the next 30 or 40 years according to the estimations. So, different energy sources are of
strategic importance for especially countries having a high energy consumption and energy dependence. In this regard,
non-conventional sources (produced through new techniques other than conventional methods) such as shale gas and
shale oil have a very effective potential in covering the energy demand. Since the beginning of 2000s, the USA has made significant investments in shale gas and oil sand and reached positive enough results to divert its energy policies by
reducing its resource dependence on the Middle East. Thanks to these investments, the natural gas prices have declined
considerably compared to 10 years ago, in the USA. Besides, the country will obtain the ¾ of its total gas production
from shale gas in 2035 according to the estimation of BP. The USA, Canada, China and Argentine have increased the
value of shale gas and shale oil in commercial terms. According the EIA 2040 energy projections, the production of oil
sand is expected to reach 10 million barrels a day. Shale resource investigations are continued in many counties,
principally Algeria, Australia, Colombia, Mexico and Russia. The U.S. Ministry of Energy indicates that there are 345
billion barrels of shale oil in total, across 42 countries.
International Rating Academy Congress : Applied Sciences
IRAC
Muhammed Oral